PHP 选项/信息 函数
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getopt

(PHP 4 >= 4.3.0, PHP 5)

getopt — Gets options from the command line argument list

说明

array getopt ( string $options [, array $longopts ] )

Parses options passed to the script.

参数

options
Each character in this string will be used as option characters and matched against options passed to the script starting with a single hyphen (-). For example, an option string "x" recognizes an option -x. Only a-z, A-Z and 0-9 are allowed.
longopts
An array of options. Each element in this array will be used as option strings and matched against options passed to the script starting with two hyphens (--). For example, an longopts element "opt" recognizes an option --opt.

The options parameter may contain the following elements:

Option values are the first argument after the string. It does not matter if a value has leading white space or not.

Note: Optional values do not accept " " (space) as a separator.

Note:

The format for the options and longopts is almost the same, the only difference is that longopts takes an array of options (where each element is the option) whereas options takes a string (where each character is the option).

返回值

This function will return an array of option / argument pairs or FALSE on failure.

Note:

The parsing of options will end at the first non-option found, anything that follows is discarded.

更新日志

版本 说明
5.3.0 Added support for "=" as argument/value separator.
5.3.0 Added support for optional values (specified with "::").
5.3.0 Parameter longopts is available on all systems.
5.3.0 This function is no longer system dependent, and now works on Windows, too.

范例

Example #1 getopt() example

<?php
$options = getopt("f:hp:");
var_dump($options);
?>

Running the above script with php script.php -fvalue -h will output: 

array(2) {
  ["f"]=>
  string(5) "value"
  ["h"]=>
  bool(false)
}

Example #2 getopt() example#2

<?php
$shortopts  = "";
$shortopts .= "f:";  // Required value
$shortopts .= "v::"; // Optional value
$shortopts .= "abc"; // These options do not accept values

$longopts  = array(
    "required:",     // Required value
    "optional::",    // Optional value
    "option",        // No value
    "opt",           // No value
);
$options = getopt($shortopts, $longopts);
var_dump($options);
?>

Running the above script with php script.php -f "value for f" -v -a --required value --optional="optional value" --option will output: 

array(6) {
  ["f"]=>
  string(11) "value for f"
  ["v"]=>
  bool(false)
  ["a"]=>
  bool(false)
  ["required"]=>
  string(5) "value"
  ["optional"]=>
  string(14) "optional value"
  ["option"]=>
  bool(false)
}

Example #3 getopt() example#3

Passing multiple options as one

<?php
$options = getopt("abc");
var_dump($options);
?>

Running the above script with php script.php -aaac will output: 

array(2) {
  ["a"]=>
  array(3) {
    [0]=>
    bool(false)
    [1]=>
    bool(false)
    [2]=>
    bool(false)
  }
  ["c"]=>
  bool(false)
}

参见

PHP 选项/信息 函数
在线手册：中文 英文
PHP手册
PHP手册 - N: Gets options from the command line argument list

用户评论:

lynch at php dot net (17-Mar-2012 01:01)

In PHP < 5.3.0 you can "simulate" the "optional v::" by using this: "vv:"

#!/usr/bin/php
<?php
    $short = "vv:";
    $opts = getopt($short);
    var_dump($opts);
?>

./test_opt.php -v
array(1) {
  ["v"]=>
  bool(false)
}

./test_opt.php -vv
array(1) {
  ["v"]=>
  array(2) {
    [0]=>
    bool(false)
    [1]=>
    bool(false)
  }
}

./test_opt.php -vvv
array(1) {
  ["v"]=>
  array(3) {
    [0]=>
    bool(false)
    [1]=>
    bool(false)
    [2]=>
    bool(false)
  }
}

./test_opt.php -vvvv
array(1) {
  ["v"]=>
  array(4) {
    [0]=>
    bool(false)
    [1]=>
    bool(false)
    [2]=>
    bool(false)
    [3]=>
    bool(false)
  }
}

I'm not sure if that's a Bug or a Feature, as it's not documented as such, but it works for me.

I also have not tested if it works with other opts, nor if you need vv: in that exact order, or even consecutive...
"v:v" or "vav:" (with -a being something else) etc may also work.  Or not. I leave that as an exercise for the reader.

Anonymous (03-Feb-2011 12:33)

getopt() only returns the options specified if they were listed in the options.

So you cant make a switch() use default: to complain of an unknown option. :(

mpartap at gmx dot net (24-Oct-2010 09:39)

Here's another way of removing options found by getopt() from the argv[] array. It handles the different kind of parameters without eating chunks that do not belong to an --option. (-nr foo param1 param2 foo)
<?php
$parameters = array(
  'n' => 'noparam',
  'r:' => 'required:',
  'o::' => 'optional::',
);

$options = getopt(implode('', array_keys($parameters)), $parameters);
$pruneargv = array();
foreach ($options as $option => $value) {
  foreach ($argv as $key => $chunk) {
    $regex = '/^'. (isset($option[1]) ? '--' : '-') . $option . '/';
    if ($chunk == $value && $argv[$key-1][0] == '-' || preg_match($regex, $chunk)) {
      array_push($pruneargv, $key);
    }
  }
}
while ($key = array_pop($pruneargv)) unset($argv[$key]);
?>

geoff at gosquared dot com (08-May-2010 01:05)

It seems under PHP 5.3.2, getopt() makes a script fail to load if called via HTTP without any conditions. You'll need something like if(isset($_SERVER['argc'])) $args = getopt(); to prevent that.

m at ttcarter dot com (15-Mar-2009 11:36)

I wrote a library some time ago to counter some of the missing features of the rather limited 'getopt' function. The library as well documentation can be found on my website at http://hash-bang.net/2008/12/missing-php-functions-getopts/

It provides functionality for long switches (e.g. '--delete'), incrementing switches (e.g. '-v -v -v' or '-vvv' for very, very verbose), long values (e.g. '--exclude this.file') and lots more.

suichengw at gmail dot com (16-Aug-2008 06:28)

I really need long options but it's not supported in 5.2.6 on my Solaris box so I wrote an _getopt() to simulate getopt().

An example

======== a.php ========
#!/usr/local/bin/php
<?php
include "getopt.inc";

$shortopts  = "f:v::abc:hp"; 

$longopts  = array(
    "required:",     // Required value
    "optional::",    // Optional value
    "option",        // No value
    "opt",           // No value
);

$options = _getopt( $shortopts, $longopts);

var_dump($options);
?>
====== end of a.php ======

then run the file a.php,

# ./a.php -f "test 2" -ab --required "test 1" --optional="test 3" --option -v "test 4" -k
array(7) {
  ["f"]=>
  string(6) "test 2"
  ["a"]=>
  bool(false)
  ["b"]=>
  bool(false)
  ["required"]=>
  string(6) "test 1"
  ["optional"]=>
  string(6) "test 3"
  ["option"]=>
  bool(false)
  ["v"]=>
  string(6) "test 4"
}

Source code is a bit longer and not allowed by this site. Please go to my page http://www.ntu.beautifulworldco.com/weblog/?p=526 for it.

mbirth at webwriters dot de (24-May-2008 09:41)

After getopt() of PHP5.3.0 (on Windows) ignored some parameters if there was a syntactical problem, I decided to code my own generic parameter parser.

<?php
    /**
     * Parses $GLOBALS['argv'] for parameters and assigns them to an array.
     *
     * Supports:
     * -e
     * -e <value>
     * --long-param
     * --long-param=<value>
     * --long-param <value>
     * <value>
     *
     * @param array $noopt List of parameters without values
     */
    function parseParameters($noopt = array()) {
        $result = array();
        $params = $GLOBALS['argv'];
        // could use getopt() here (since PHP 5.3.0), but it doesn't work relyingly
        reset($params);
        while (list($tmp, $p) = each($params)) {
            if ($p{0} == '-') {
                $pname = substr($p, 1);
                $value = true;
                if ($pname{0} == '-') {
                    // long-opt (--<param>)
                    $pname = substr($pname, 1);
                    if (strpos($p, '=') !== false) {
                        // value specified inline (--<param>=<value>)
                        list($pname, $value) = explode('=', substr($p, 2), 2);
                    }
                }
                // check if next parameter is a descriptor or a value
                $nextparm = current($params);
                if (!in_array($pname, $noopt) && $value === true && $nextparm !== false && $nextparm{0} != '-') list($tmp, $value) = each($params);
                $result[$pname] = $value;
            } else {
                // param doesn't belong to any option
                $result[] = $p;
            }
        }
        return $result;
    }
?>

A call like: php.exe -f test.php -- alfons -a 1 -b2 -c --d 2 --e=3=4 --f "alber t" hans wurst

and an in-program call parseParameters(array('f')); would yield in a resulting array:

Array
(
    [0] => alfons
    [a] => 1
    [b2] => 1
    [c] => 1
    [d] => 2
    [e] => 3=4
    [f] => 1
    [1] => alber t
    [2] => hans
    [3] => wurst
)

As you can see, values without an identifier are stored with numeric indexes. Existing identifiers without values get "true".

uberlinuxguy at tulg dot org (25-Apr-2008 09:26)

One thing of important note would be that getopt() actually respects the '--' option to end an option list.  Thus given the code:

test.php:
<?php
    $options = getopt("m:g:h:");
    if (!is_array($options) ) {
        print "There was a problem reading in the options.\n\n";
        exit(1);
    }
    $errors = array();
    print_r($options);
?>

And running:

# ./test.php ./run_vfs  -h test1 -g test2 -m test3 -- this is a test -m green

Will return:

Array
(
    [h] => test1
    [g] => test2
    [m] => test3
)

Whereas running:
# /test.php ./run_vfs  -h test1 -g test2 -m test3 this is a test -m green

Will return:

Array
(
    [h] => test1
    [g] => test2
    [m] => Array
        (
            [0] => test3
            [1] => green
        )

)

Francois Hill (19-Nov-2007 08:44)

Although very interesting, koenbollen at gnospamail dot com's update of the argv array fails when option values follow the option with no space :
Indeed
    php MyScript.php5 -t5
and
    php MyScript.php5 -t 5
with $options="t:" are treated as the same by getopt.

This upgraded function should take care of it :

File : shift_test.php5
<?php
    function shift($options_array)
    {
        foreach( $options_array as $o => $a )
        {
            // Look for all occurrences of option in argv and remove if found :
            // ----------------------------------------------------------------
            // Look for occurrences of -o (simple option with no value) or -o<val> (no space in between):
            while($k=array_search("-".$o.$a,$GLOBALS['argv']))
            {    // If found remove from argv:
                if($k)
                    unset($GLOBALS['argv'][$k]);
            }
            // Look for remaining occurrences of -o <val> (space in between):
            while($k=array_search("-".$o,$GLOBALS['argv']))
            {    // If found remove both option and value from argv:
                if($k)
                {    unset($GLOBALS['argv'][$k]);
                    unset($GLOBALS['argv'][$k+1]);
                }
            }
        }
        // Reindex :
        $GLOBALS['argv']=array_merge($GLOBALS['argv']);
    }

    print_r($argv);
    $options_array=getopt('t:h');
    shift($options_array);
    print_r($argv);
?>

>php shift_test.php5 -h -t4 param1 param2
will ouptut :
Array
(
    [0] => test.php5
    [1] => -h
    [2] => -t4
    [3] => param1
    [4] => param2
)
Array
(
    [0] => test.php5
    [1] => param1
    [2] => param2
)

>php shift_test.php5 -h -t 4 param1 param2
will ouptut :
Array
(
    [0] => test.php5
    [1] => -h
    [2] => -t
    [3] => 4
    [4] => param1
    [5] => param2
)
Array
(
    [0] => test.php5
    [1] => param1
    [2] => param2
)

Damien B. (08-Nov-2007 06:47)

This is how I handle arguments with getopt: I use switch within a foreach at the beginning of a program.

<?php

$opts = getopt('hs:');

// Handle command line arguments
foreach (array_keys($opts) as $opt) switch ($opt) {
  case 's':
    // Do something with s parameter
    $something = $opts['s'];
    break;

  case 'h':
    print_help_message();
    exit(1);
}

print "$something\n";

?>

Gu1ll4um3r0m41n at nospam dot xx (23-Apr-2007 07:40)

<?php
function getopt_($opts, $argv) {
    $opts_array = explode(':', $opts);
    foreach($opts_array as $opt) {
        $key = array_search($opt, $argv);
        if($key && !in_array($argv[$key+1], $opts_array)) {
            $result[$opt] = trim($argv[$key+1]);
        } elseif($key) {
            $result[$opt] = '';
        }
    }
    return $result;
}
$result = getopt('-h:-o:--help', $argv);
?>

koenbollen at gnospamail dot com (29-Mar-2007 08:51)

After you use the getopt function you can use the following script to update the $argv array:
<?php
  $options = "c:ho:s:t:uvV";
  $opts = getopt( $options );
  foreach( $opts as $o => $a )
  {
    while( $k = array_search( "-" . $o, $argv ) )
    {
      if( $k )
        unset( $argv[$k] );
      if( preg_match( "/^.*".$o.":.*$/i", $options ) )
        unset( $argv[$k+1] );
    }
  }
  $argv = array_merge( $argv );
?>
Note: I used the array_merge function to reindex the array's keys.

Cheers, Koen Bollen

(17-Jan-2007 07:59)

About getopt(String):
 Parses the command-line arguments into an associative array, using the function's String parameter to specify arguments and options, thus:
* arguments are specified as any letter followed by a colon, e.g. "h:".
* arguments are returned as "h" => "value".
* options are specified as any letter not followed by a colon, e.g. "r".
* options are returned as "r" => (boolean) false.

Also note that:
1) Options or arguments not passed in the command-line parameters are not set in the returned associative array.
2) Options or arguments present in the command-line arguments multiple times are returned as an enumerated array within the returned associative array.

yarco dot w at gmail dot com (25-Oct-2006 03:08)

You cant use this function twice or more.

For example:
<?php
print_r(getopt('a:b:c:'));
print_r(getopt('d:e:f:'));
?>

You would be confused by the result.
[yarco@localhost ~]$ php test3.php -a love -b love -d love
Array
(
    [a] => love
    [b] => love
)
Array
(
    [e] => love
    [d] => love
)

joey at alegria dot co dot jp (30-Apr-2006 05:57)

There are 2 simpler (and much faster) methods for getting good getopt() operation without creating your own handler.

1. Use the Console_Getopt PEAR class (should be standard in most PHP installations) which lets you specify both short and long form options as well as whether or not arguments supplied to an option are themselves 'optional'. Very simple to use and requires very little code to operate compaired to writing own handler.

2. If you cannot load external PEAR objects, use your shell's getopt() functions (which in BASHs case work very well) to process options and have your shell script then call your PHP script with a rigid argument structure that is very easy for PHP to digest such as:
% myfile.php -a TRUE -b FALSE -c ARGUMENT ...
If the initial arguments are invalid you can have the shell script return an error without calling the PHP script. Sounds convoluted but is a very simple solution and in fact PHP's own % pear command uses this method. /usr/bin/pear is a shell script that does some simle checking before calling pearcmd.php and repassing the arguments on to it.

The second method is by far the best for portability because it allows a single shell script to check a few things like your PHP version and respond acordingly e.g. does it call your PHP4 or PHP5 compatible script? Also, because getopt() is not available on Windows, The second solution allows you to do Windows specific testing as a BAT file (as oposed to BASH, ZSH or Korn on UNIX).

daevid at daevid dot com (31-May-2005 09:11)

This is how I parse command line options:

<?php
$OPTION['debug'] = false;
$OPTION['test'] = false;
$OPTION['force'] = "";

//loop through our arguments and see what the user selected
   for ($i = 1; $i < $_SERVER["argc"]; $i++)
   {
       switch($_SERVER["argv"][$i])
       {
           case "-v":
           case "--version":
            echo  $_SERVER['argv'][0]." v07.19.04 06:10 PM\n";
            exit;
               break;
       
           case "--debug":
               $OPTION['debug'] = true;
               break;
       
           case "--force":
               $OPTION['force'] = " --force";
               break;
       
           case "--db":
           case "--database":
           case "--id":
            if ( is_numeric($_SERVER['argv'][$i+1]) )
                $OPTION['CompanyID'] = intval($_SERVER['argv'][++$i]);
            else //it must be a database name
                $OPTION['CompanyDB'] = $_SERVER['argv'][++$i];
               break;

           case "--base":
           case "--basedir":
           case "--dir":
               $OPTION['basedir'] = $_SERVER["argv"][++$i];
               break;
       
           case "--test":
               $OPTION['test'] = true;
               break;
       
           case "-?":
           case "-h":
           case "--help":
?>
This will print any .txt files, process any .sql files and
execute any .php files found starting from the base directory
'<?=$OPTION['basedir']?>' in alphabetical order.

 Usage: <?php echo $_SERVER['argv'][0]; ?> <option>

 --help, -help, -h, or -?     to get this help.
 --version                    to return the version of this file.
 --debug                    to turn on output debugging.
 --test                        to fake the SQL and PHP commands.
 --force                    to ignore SQL errors and keep on going.
 --db [CompanyDB]            to apply to only this [CompanyDB].
 --id [CompanyID]            to apply to only this [CompanyID].
 --basedir [directory]        to change base directory from <?=$OPTION['basedir']?>.
 Omitting the CompanyID or CompanyDB will cause ALL Company DB's to be updated.

 There are global files and per-company files. Global files are applied to global
 databases (see list below). Their filename contains a tag that reflects the database
 to apply them against. Per-company files are applied against databases. Their
 filename contains a tag that reads 'COMPANY'. Files should be in <?=$OPTION['basedir']?>;
 Global files that are understood:
<?=$OPTION['basedir']?>
 <?php foreach ($GLOBAL_SQL_FILES as $sqlFile) echo $sqlFile."   "; ?>

<?php
               exit;
               break;
       }
   } //parse arguments

//    print_r($OPTION);
?>

chris at tiny dot net (24-Apr-2004 03:17)

"phpnotes at kipu dot co dot uk" and "tim at digicol dot de" are both wrong or misleading.  Sean was correct.  Quoted space-containing strings on the command line are one argument.  It has to do with how the shell handles the command line, more than PHP.  PHP's getopt() is modeled on and probably built upon the Unix/POSIX/C library getopt(3) which treats strings as strings, and does not break them apart on white space.

Here's proof:

$ cat opt.php
#! /usr/local/bin/php
<?php
$options = getopt("f:");
print_r($options);
?>
$ opt.php -f a b c
Array
(
    [f] => a
)
$ opt.php -f 'a b c'
Array
(
    [f] => a b c
)
$ opt.php -f "a b c"
Array
(
    [f] => a b c
)
$ opt.php -f a\ b\ c
Array
(
    [f] => a b c
)
$